fix(query): trim numeric and boolean string casts

[KKould]

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Summary

• Trim string inputs before numeric parsing so casts like CAST(' 1e1' AS DOUBLE) and CAST(' 1e1' AS INTEGER) succeed consistently.
• Trim string-to-boolean inputs and accept '1' / '0' in addition to 'true' / 'false'.
• Add Databend sqllogictest coverage in tests/sqllogictests/suites/query/functions/02_0002_function_cast.test.
• Keep DuckDB migrated test updates out of this Databend PR; those will be proposed separately in bendtest and can depend on this PR.

Tests

• Unit Test
• Logic Test
• Benchmark Test
• No Test - Explain why

cargo check -p databend-common-functions

cargo build --bin databend-query --bin databend-sqllogictests

target/debug/databend-sqllogictests --run 'tests/sqllogictests/suites/query/functions/02_0002_function_cast.test' --handlers http

target/debug/databend-sqllogictests --run 'tests/sqllogictests/suites/query/functions/02_0002_function_cast.test' --handlers mysql --port 3307

UPDATE_GOLDENFILES=1 cargo test -p databend-common-functions --test it scalars::cast::test_cast -- --exact

cargo test -p databend-common-functions --test it scalars::cast::test_cast -- --exact

target/debug/databend-sqllogictests --run 'tests/sqllogictests/suites/duckdb/sql/cast/test_exponent_in_cast.test' --handlers http

Type of change

• Bug Fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New Feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking Change (fix or feature that could cause existing functionality not to work as expected)
• Documentation Update
• Refactoring
• Performance Improvement
• Other (please describe):

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