fix(core): Check for device loss on all submit paths

[andyleiserson]

Small follow-up to #9307. Moves the check for device loss from Queue::submit to the common submit API, so that it applies to all the submit paths. (map_async has it's own check, so it's on_submitted_work_done and prepare_surface_texture_for_present where this is more likely to matter.)

Testing
Not directly tested.

Squash or Rebase? Squash

Checklist

• I self-reviewed and fully understand this PR.
• WebGPU implementations built with wgpu may be affected behaviorally.
• Validation and feature gates are in place to confine behavioral changes.
• Tests demonstrate the validation and altered logic works.
• CHANGELOG.md entries for the user-facing effects of this change are present.
  • All of the affected codepaths are new since the last release and already noted in the CHANGELOG.
• The PR is minimal, and doesn't make sense to land as multiple PRs.
• Commits are logically scoped and individually reviewable.
• The PR description has enough context to understand the motivation and solution implemented.

[inner-daemons]

LGTM at a cursory glance