[CMake] Change C++ version to 17

[bodhinandach]

Describe the PR
This PR changes the default version of C++ from 13 to 17. This allows us to use a little bit of the newer capabilities of C++.

Related Issues/PRs
Initiated as it becomes useful in #116

Additional context
N/A

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 95.78%. Comparing base (bcaa78a) to head (26f1e52).
⚠️ Report is 3 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master     #119      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   95.79%   95.78%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         244      244              
  Lines       51738    51680      -58     
==========================================
- Hits        49559    49499      -60     
- Misses       2179     2181       +2     

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[cgeudeker]

Looks good to me. Before approving I just wanted to ask/check if it would be worth using a more updated C++ version (i.e. 20 or 23)? Or will that require too much refactoring/create compatibility issues with packages being used?

[bodhinandach]

Let's try with 17 first for now. I read the other time that v20 and v23 require some refactoring.

[cgeudeker]

Looks good to me.