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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Docker与DevOps - 技术知识</title>
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Docker与DevOps</h1>
<p>容器化、编排与持续部署实践</p>
</header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">首页</a></li>
<li><a href="about.html">关于我</a></li>
<li><a href="tech-knowledge.html">技术知识</a></li>
<li><a href="contact.html">联系我</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<div class="container">
<a href="tech-knowledge.html" class="back-link">← 返回技术知识总览</a>
<div class="card">
<h2>Docker基础</h2>
<p>Docker是一个开源的容器化平台，让应用打包、分发、运行变得简单高效。</p>
<h3>核心概念</h3>
<div class="grid">
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Image 镜像</h4>
<p>只读模板，包含应用和依赖</p>
<span class="tag">可层层构建</span><span class="tag">版本化</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Container 容器</h4>
<p>镜像的运行实例，相互隔离</p>
<span class="tag">轻量快速</span><span class="tag">可写层</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Volume 卷</h4>
<p>持久化数据，容器间共享</p>
<span class="tag">数据持久</span><span class="tag">挂载</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Registry 仓库</h4>
<p>存储和分发镜像</p>
<span class="tag">Docker Hub</span><span class="tag">私有仓库</span>
</div>
</div>
<h3>常用命令</h3>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># 镜像操作</span>
docker images <span class="comment"># 列出本地镜像</span>
docker pull nginx:latest <span class="comment"># 拉取镜像</span>
docker rmi nginx:latest <span class="comment"># 删除镜像</span>
docker build -t myapp:1.0 . <span class="comment"># 构建镜像</span>
docker tag myapp:1.0 registry.com/myapp <span class="comment"># 打标签</span>
docker push registry.com/myapp <span class="comment"># 推送镜像</span>
<span class="comment"># 容器操作</span>
docker ps -a <span class="comment"># 列出所有容器</span>
docker run -d -p 8080:80 --name web nginx <span class="comment"># 运行容器</span>
docker start/stop/restart web <span class="comment"># 启停容器</span>
docker exec -it web /bin/bash <span class="comment"># 进入容器</span>
docker logs -f web <span class="comment"># 查看日志</span>
docker rm -f web <span class="comment"># 删除容器</span>
<span class="comment"># 清理</span>
docker system prune -f <span class="comment"># 清理无用资源</span></code></pre>
<h3>run 参数详解</h3>
<pre><code>docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND]
<span class="comment"># 核心参数</span>
-d <span class="comment"># 后台运行</span>
-p 8080:80 <span class="comment"># 端口映射（主机:容器）</span>
-v /host/path:/container/path <span class="comment"># 目录挂载</span>
-e KEY=VALUE <span class="comment"># 环境变量</span>
--name myapp <span class="comment"># 容器名称</span>
--network mynet <span class="comment"># 加入网络</span>
--restart unless-stopped <span class="comment"># 自动重启策略</span>
--memory 512m <span class="comment"># 内存限制</span>
--cpus 1.0 <span class="comment"># CPU限制</span>
--rm <span class="comment"># 停止后自动删除</span>
-w /app <span class="comment"># 工作目录</span></code></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h2>Dockerfile最佳实践</h2>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># 多阶段构建示例</span>
<span class="comment"># 阶段1：构建</span>
<span class="keyword">FROM</span> maven:3.8-openjdk-17 <span class="keyword">AS</span> builder
<span class="keyword">WORKDIR</span> /app
<span class="keyword">COPY</span> pom.xml .
<span class="keyword">RUN</span> mvn dependency:go-offline <span class="comment"># 缓存依赖层</span>
<span class="keyword">COPY</span> src ./src
<span class="keyword">RUN</span> mvn package -DskipTests
<span class="comment"># 阶段2：运行（精简镜像）</span>
<span class="keyword">FROM</span> eclipse-temurin:17-jre-alpine
<span class="keyword">WORKDIR</span> /app
<span class="keyword">COPY</span> --from=builder /app/target/myapp.jar ./app.jar
<span class="comment"># 安全配置</span>
<span class="keyword">RUN</span> addgroup -S appgroup && adduser -S appuser -G appgroup
<span class="keyword">USER</span> appuser
<span class="comment"># 健康检查</span>
<span class="keyword">HEALTHCHECK</span> --interval=30s --timeout=3s --retries=3 \
CMD curl -f http://localhost:8080/health || exit 1
<span class="comment"># 使用非root用户</span>
<span class="keyword">EXPOSE</span> 8080
<span class="keyword">ENTRYPOINT</span> [<span class="string">"java"</span>, <span class="string">"-jar"</span>, <span class="string">"app.jar"</span>]</code></pre>
<div class="highlight-box">
<strong>优化建议：</strong>
<ul>
<li>合理利用层缓存：频繁变化的内容放最后</li>
<li>.dockerignore：排除不需要的文件</li>
<li>最小化基础镜像：alpine、distroless</li>
<li>合并RUN指令：减少镜像层数</li>
<li>多阶段构建：分离构建和运行环境</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h2>Docker Compose</h2>
<p>定义和运行多容器Docker应用的工具。</p>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># docker-compose.yml</span>
<span class="keyword">version</span>: <span class="string">"3.8"</span>
<span class="keyword">services</span>:
<span class="comment"># Web应用</span>
webapp:
build: .
ports:
- <span class="string">"8080:8080"</span>
environment:
- SPRING_PROFILES_ACTIVE=prod
- DB_HOST=postgres
depends_on:
postgres:
condition: service_healthy
networks:
- backend
deploy:
resources:
limits:
memory: 512M
<span class="comment"># 数据库</span>
postgres:
image: postgres:15-alpine
volumes:
- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
environment:
POSTGRES_DB: myapp
POSTGRES_USER: admin
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${DB_PASSWORD}
healthcheck:
test: [<span class="string">"CMD-SHELL"</span>, <span class="string">"pg_isready -U admin"</span>]
interval: 10s
timeout: 5s
retries: 5
networks:
- backend
<span class="comment"># Redis缓存</span>
redis:
image: redis:7-alpine
command: redis-server --appendonly yes
volumes:
- redis_data:/data
networks:
- backend
<span class="comment"># Nginx反向代理</span>
nginx:
image: nginx:alpine
ports:
- <span class="string">"80:80"</span>
- <span class="string">"443:443"</span>
volumes:
- ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
depends_on:
- webapp
networks:
- backend
<span class="keyword">volumes</span>:
postgres_data:
redis_data:
<span class="keyword">networks</span>:
backend:</code></pre>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># 常用命令</span>
docker-compose up -d <span class="comment"># 启动所有服务</span>
docker-compose down -v <span class="comment"># 停止并删除</span>
docker-compose ps <span class="comment"># 查看状态</span>
docker-compose logs -f webapp <span class="comment"># 查看日志</span>
docker-compose exec webapp bash <span class="comment"># 进入容器</span>
docker-compose restart webapp <span class="comment"># 重启服务</span>
docker-compose build --no-cache <span class="comment"># 重新构建</span>
docker-compose scale webapp=3 <span class="comment"># 扩容</span></code></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h2>Kubernetes基础</h2>
<p>K8s是容器编排平台，提供自动化部署、扩缩容、服务发现等功能。</p>
<h3>核心概念</h3>
<div class="grid">
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Pod</h4>
<p>最小调度单元，包含一个或多个容器</p>
<span class="tag">共享网络</span><span class="tag">共享存储</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Deployment</h4>
<p>管理Pod副本，支持滚动更新</p>
<span class="tag">声明式</span><span class="tag">回滚</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Service</h4>
<p>Pod的负载均衡和网络抽象</p>
<span class="tag">ClusterIP</span><span class="tag">NodePort</span><span class="tag">LoadBalancer</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>Ingress</h4>
<p>HTTP/HTTPS路由，外部访问入口</p>
<span class="tag">域名</span><span class="tag">SSL</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>ConfigMap/Secret</h4>
<p>配置数据和敏感信息</p>
<span class="tag">环境变量</span><span class="tag">挂载</span>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>PersistentVolume</h4>
<p>持久化存储抽象</p>
<span class="tag">持久化</span>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Deployment示例</h3>
<pre><code><span class="keyword">apiVersion</span>: apps/v1
<span class="keyword">kind</span>: Deployment
<span class="keyword">metadata</span>:
<span class="keyword">name</span>: myapp
<span class="keyword">spec</span>:
<span class="keyword">replicas</span>: 3
<span class="keyword">selector</span>:
<span class="keyword">matchLabels</span>:
<span class="keyword">app</span>: myapp
<span class="keyword">template</span>:
<span class="keyword">metadata</span>:
<span class="keyword">labels</span>:
<span class="keyword">app</span>: myapp
<span class="keyword">spec</span>:
<span class="keyword">containers</span>:
- <span class="keyword">name</span>: myapp
<span class="keyword">image</span>: myapp:1.0
<span class="keyword">ports</span>:
- <span class="keyword">containerPort</span>: 8080
<span class="keyword">resources</span>:
<span class="keyword">limits</span>:
memory: <span class="string">"256Mi"</span>
cpu: <span class="string">"500m"</span>
<span class="keyword">requests</span>:
memory: <span class="string">"128Mi"</span>
cpu: <span class="string">"250m"</span>
<span class="keyword">livenessProbe</span>:
<span class="keyword">httpGet</span>:
<span class="keyword">path</span>: /health
<span class="keyword">port</span>: 8080
<span class="keyword">initialDelaySeconds</span>: 30
<span class="keyword">periodSeconds</span>: 10
<span class="keyword">readinessProbe</span>:
<span class="keyword">httpGet</span>:
<span class="keyword">path</span>: /ready
<span class="keyword">port</span>: 8080
<span class="keyword">initialDelaySeconds</span>: 5
<span class="keyword">periodSeconds</span>: 5</code></pre>
<h3>常用命令</h3>
<pre><code>kubectl get pods <span class="comment"># 查看Pod</span>
kubectl get svc <span class="comment"># 查看Service</span>
kubectl get all <span class="comment"># 查看所有资源</span>
kubectl describe pod myapp-xxx <span class="comment"># 查看详情</span>
kubectl logs -f pod/myapp-xxx <span class="comment"># 查看日志</span>
kubectl exec -it myapp-xxx -- /bin/bash <span class="comment"># 进入容器</span>
kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml <span class="comment"># 部署</span>
kubectl scale deployment myapp --replicas=5 <span class="comment"># 扩缩容</span>
kubectl rollout status deployment/myapp <span class="comment"># 查看滚动更新</span>
kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp <span class="comment"># 回滚</span></code></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h2>CI/CD流水线</h2>
<p>持续集成/持续部署自动化软件交付流程。</p>
<h3>典型流水线阶段</h3>
<div class="grid">
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>1. Code Checkout</h4>
<p>拉取代码、切换分支</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>2. Build</h4>
<p>编译构建（mvn/gradle/npm）</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>3. Test</h4>
<p>单元测试、集成测试</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>4. Security Scan</h4>
<p>代码扫描、依赖漏洞检测</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>5. Docker Build</h4>
<p>构建镜像、打标签</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>6. Push</h4>
<p>推送到镜像仓库</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>7. Deploy</h4>
<p>部署到测试/生产环境</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-item">
<h4>8. Verify</h4>
<p>健康检查、烟雾测试</p>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Jenkinsfile示例</h3>
<pre><code>pipeline {
<span class="keyword">agent</span> { label <span class="string">'docker'</span> }
<span class="keyword">environment</span> {
REGISTRY = <span class="string">'registry.com'</span>
IMAGE_NAME = <span class="string">"myapp/${BRANCH_NAME}"</span>
}
<span class="keyword">stages</span> {
<span class="keyword">stage</span>(<span class="string">'Checkout'</span>) {
<span class="keyword">steps</span> {
checkout scm
}
}
<span class="keyword">stage</span>(<span class="string">'Build'</span>) {
<span class="keyword">steps</span> {
<span class="keyword">sh</span> <span class="string">'mvn clean package -DskipTests'</span>
}
}
<span class="keyword">stage</span>(<span class="string">'Test'</span>) {
<span class="keyword">steps</span> {
<span class="keyword">sh</span> <span class="string">'mvn test'</span>
}
<span class="keyword">post</span> {
<span class="keyword">always</span> {
junit <span class="string">'target/surefire-reports/*.xml'</span>
}
}
}
<span class="keyword">stage</span>(<span class="string">'Docker Build & Push'</span>) {
<span class="keyword">when</span> { branch <span class="string">'main'</span> }
<span class="keyword">steps</span> {
<span class="keyword">sh</span> <span class="string">"""
docker build -t ${IMAGE_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER} .
docker push ${IMAGE_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER}
"""</span>
}
}
<span class="keyword">stage</span>(<span class="string">'Deploy to K8s'</span>) {
<span class="keyword">when</span> { branch <span class="string">'main'</span> }
<span class="keyword">steps</span> {
<span class="keyword">sh</span> <span class="string">"kubectl set image deployment/myapp myapp=${IMAGE_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER}"</span>
}
}
}
}</code></pre>
<div class="success-box">
<strong>工具选择：</strong>
<span class="tag blue">Jenkins</span> 灵活强大，插件丰富
<span class="tag green">GitLab CI</span> 与GitLab深度集成
<span class="tag orange">GitHub Actions</span> 与GitHub无缝衔接
<span class="tag">ArgoCD</span> GitOps原生的K8s部署工具
</div>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h2>监控与日志</h2>
<h3>Prometheus + Grafana</h3>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># Prometheus 监控指标</span>
<span class="comment"># 四大黄金指标：延迟、流量、错误、饱和度</span>
<span class="comment"># 应用暴露指标示例（Spring Boot Actuator）</span>
http_server_requests_seconds_sum{uri="/api/users",status="200"}
http_server_requests_seconds_count{uri="/api/users",status="200"}
jvm_memory_used_bytes{area="heap"}
jvm_gc_pause_seconds_max</code></pre>
<h3>日志收集架构</h3>
<p><strong>ELK Stack:</strong> Elasticsearch + Logstash + Kibana</p>
<p><strong>EFK Stack:</strong> Elasticsearch + Fluentd + Kibana（K8s常用）</p>
<pre><code><span class="comment"># Fluentd 配置示例</span>
<source>
@type tail
path /var/log/myapp/*.log
pos_file /var/log/fluentd/myapp.log.pos
tag myapp.*
<parse>
@type json
</parse>
</source>
<match myapp.*>
@type elasticsearch
host elasticsearch
port 9200
logstash_format true
logstash_prefix myapp
</match></code></pre>
<div class="highlight-box">
<strong>可观测性三支柱：</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Metrics</strong> - 量化指标（Prometheus）</li>
<li><strong>Logs</strong> - 事件日志（ELK）</li>
<li><strong>Traces</strong> - 请求链路（Jaeger/Zipkin）</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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